In order to resolve this issue, update to ESXi 8.0 Update 2b or newer.
Workaround:
1. Reset CBT after disk is hot-extended. Then, take a full backup immediately.
It does not fix existing backups, but it makes sure the new ones are good. Follow these steps to reset CBT Resetting Changed Block Tracking for VMware vSphere virtual machines
2. Or, user extend disk in offline.