vCenter Server has a feature known as vCenter High Availability (VCHA).
When this feature is enabled, the vCenter Server becomes active and there are also passive and witness nodes. Documentation about this feature is available here:
Configure vCenter HA
This KB addresses the situation when vCHA is configured and the root password needs to be changed.
VMware vCenter Server
When the root password is changed and the VCHA feature is enabled, the active vCenter Server node replicates it to the passive and witness nodes. As a result the root password should only be changed on the active node normally, as you should when the VCHA feature is not enabled.
Steps to do so are documented in the following KB:
Changing or Resetting the root password in vCenter Server Appliance
Please see reference KB:
VPXD crash caused by VCHA node running GetNetworkIfaceInfoPeer function