Logging into vCenter with AD credentials had been working, then suddenly stopped working. Backup systems relying on AD credentials to authenticate with VC stop working.
The required AD Identity Source was removed somehow from vCenter.
Review the vCenter's current SSO Identity Source configuration to confirm if the required AD domain IdP is missing (Menu > Administration > Single Sign On > Configuration). If it is missing, AD users will not be able to authenticate when trying to log into the VC.