Part of that answer lies in the proprietary software that can not be disclosed.
This link provides a very good overview:
https://community.carbonblack.com/t5/Carbon-Black-Cloud-Knowledge/Moving-Endpoint-Security-to-Carbon-Black-Cloud/ta-p/49081
Additionally:
Devices that are online benefit from the full-functionality of Carbon Black Cloud. If a device is offline/in an environment without internet access, it is still protected in the following ways: