In this particular case the problem bulletin was MS11-025 / Q2467173 / vcredist2467173_x86.exe, and this could happen with any bulletin.
ITMS 8.6
Patch Management 8.6
When reviewing the return code, you see it failed with 5100. The next step in troubleshooting this type of problem is to manually run the security update to see what it says, and it turns out that the operating system is not allowing the update to install. This is due to an older version of the product.
We can see that our detection is accurate and that file is out of date, but the OS won't allow you to install that update. Try uninstalling the 2010 redist from Control Panel and then installing the new version (or just a later one entirely if 2010 is not specifically required). Uninstalling and then installing the later version should bring the files inline with the version the OS thinks is installed.