Mac OS X shell commands

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Question
What are the Mac OS X commands that can be run via Terminal.app?

Answer

A complete and up-to-date list of supported commands and their usage can be found at Apple's Developer Connection (ADC) website.

alias	Create an alias
alloc	List used and free memory
awk	Find and Replace text within file(s)
basename	Convert a full pathname to just a folder path
bash	Bourne-Again SHell (Linux)
bless	Set volume bootability and startup disk options.
break	Exit from a loop
cal	Display a calendar
case	Conditionally perform a command
cat	Display the contents of a file
cd	Change Directory
chflags	Change a file or folder's flags.
chgrp	Change group ownership
chmod	Change access permissions
chown	Change file owner and group
chroot	Run a command with a different root directory
cksum	Print CRC checksum and byte counts
clear	Clear terminal screen
cmp	Compare two files
comm	Compare two sorted files line by line
complete	Edit a command completion [word/pattern/list]
continue	Resume the next iteration of a loop
cp	Copy one or more files to another location
cron	Daemon to execute scheduled commands
crontab	Schedule a command to run at a later date/time
cut	Divide a file into several parts
date	Display or change the date and time
dc	Desk Calculator
dd	Data Dump: Convert and copy a file
df	Display free disk space
diff	Display the differences between two files
diff3	Show differences among three files
dig	DNS lookup
dirname	Convert a full pathname to just a path
dirs	Display list of remembered directories
diskutil	Disk utilities: Format, Verify, Repair
ditto	Copy files and folders
dscl	Directory Service command line utility
du	Estimate file space usage
echo	Display message on screen
ed	A line-oriented text editor (edlin)
enable	Stop or start printers and classes.
env	Set environment and run a utility
eval	Evaluate several commands/arguments
exec	Execute a command
exit	Exit the shell
expect	Programmed dialogue with interactive programs  Also see AppleScript
expand	Convert tabs to spaces
expr	Evaluate expressions
false	Do nothing, unsuccessfully
fdisk	Partition table manipulator for Darwin UFS/HFS/DOS
find	Search for files that meet a desired criteria
fmt	Reformat paragraph text
fold	Wrap text to fit a specified width
for	Expand words, and execute commands
foreach	Loop, expand words, and execute commands
fsck	Filesystem consistency check and repair
fsaclctl	Filesystem enable/disable ACL support
fs_usage	Filesystem usage (process/pathname)
ftp	Internet file transfer program
GetFileInfo	Get attributes of HFS+ files
getopt	Parse positional parameters
goto	Jump to label and continue execution
grep	Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern
groups	Print group names a user is in
gzip	Compress or decompress files
head	Display the first lines of a file
hdiutil	Manipulate iso disk images
history	Command History
hostname	Print or set system name
id	Print user and group names/IDs
if	Conditionally perform a command
info	Help info
install	Copy files and set attributes
jobs	List active jobs
join	Join lines on a common field
kill	Stop a process from running
l	List files in long format (ls -l)
ll	List files in long format, showing invisible files (ls -la)
less	Display output one screen at a time
ln	Make links between files (hard links, symbolic links)
locate	Find files
logname	Print current login name
login	log into the computer
logout	Exit a login shell (bye)
lpr	Print files
lprm	Remove jobs from the print queue
lpstat	Printer status information
ls	List information about file(s)
lsbom	List a bill of materials file
lsof	List open files
man	Help manual
mkdir	Create new folder(s)
mkfifo	Make FIFOs (named pipes)
more	Display output one screen at a time
mount	Mount a file system
mv	Move or rename files or directories
net	manage network resources
nice	Set the priority of a command
nohup	Run a command immune to hangups
onintr	Control the action of a shell interrupt
open	Open a file/folder/URL/Application
osascript	Execute AppleScript
passwd	Modify a user password
paste	Merge lines of files
pbcopy	Copy data to the clipboard
pbpaste	Paste data from the Clipboard
pico	Simple text editor
ping	Test a network connection
pmset	Power Management settings
popd	Restore the previous value of the current directory
pr	Convert text files for printing
printenv	Print environment variables
printf	Format and print data
ps	Process status
pushd	Save and then change the current directory
pwd	Print Working Directory
quota	Display disk usage and limits
rcp	Copy files between computers.
repeat	Execute a command multiple times
rm	Remove files
rmdir	Remove folder(s)
rpm	Remote Package Manager
rsync	Remote file copy - Sync file tree (also RsyncX)
say	Convert text to audible speech
sched	Schedule a command to run at a later time.
screencapture	Capture screen image to file or disk
sdiff	Merge two files interactively
security	Administer Keychains, keys, certificates and the Security framework
sed	Stream Editor
set	Set a shell variable = value
setenv	Set an environment variable = value
setfile	Set attributes of HFS+ files
shift	Shift positional parameters
shutdown	Shutdown or restart OS X
sleep	Delay for a specified time
softwareupdate	System software update tool
sort	Sort text files
split	Split a file into fixed-size pieces
stop	Stop a job or process
su	Substitute user identity
sudo	Execute a command as another user
sum	Print a checksum for a file
switch	Conditionally perform a command
tail	Output the last part of files
tar	Tape Archiver
tee	Redirect output to multiple files
test	Condition evaluation
textutil	Manipulate text files in various formats
time	Measure Program Resource Use
touch	Change file timestamps
traceroute	Trace Route to Host
tr	Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters
true	Do nothing, successfully
tty	Print filename of terminal on stdin
type	Describe a command
umask	Users file creation mask
umount	a device
unalias	Remove an alias
uname	Print system information
unexpand	Convert spaces to tabs
uniq	Uniquify files
units	Convert units from one scale to another
unset	Remove variable or function names
unsetenv	Remove environment variable
users	Print login names of users currently logged in
uuencode	Encode a binary file
uudecode	Decode a file created by uuencode
vi	Text Editor
wc	Print byte, word, and line counts
where	Report all known instances of a command
which	Locate a program file in the user's path
while	Execute commands
who	Print all usernames currently logged on
whoami	Print the current user id and name (`id -un')
xargs	Execute utility - passing arguments
yes	Print a string until interrupted