In order to find the Computers that still have the OS Image assigned to them, select OS Installations under Computer and Users > All Computers > {Group Details}.
The default view (Basic) does not allow to see the assigned OS image that can be seen in the Details view that can be selected as shown in the following screenshot:
Once selected, the following Detailed view is shown and can be filtered by the OS Image name or just sort the OS Image column to find the related Computers that can then be edited to change the OS Image or delete them from OS Installation Management
To finish removing the OS Image from the Domain Manager, it must be removed from the remote Boot Servers by using the procedure "Remove from BootServer" from the same package used to add it to the Boot Server.
To delete it from the Domain Manager it can be done from the list shown by selecting Software > Boot and OS Image Library > OS Images
Once deleted, the Image is still shown as Detected as it has been removed from the Boot Server but not from the Local Image Preparation System
The OS Image can be finally deleted from the list Software > Boot and OS Image Library > Image Prepare System > Local OS Images