Does XCOM calculate a checksum for the data transmitted?
XCOM does not perform any checksum calculation over the data being transmitted. That sort of checking is not required at all because it is performed by the underlying communications protocol (TCP/IP) which is responsible to ensure that each packet received is an exact copy of the packet which was sent, as well as to ensure that all packets are delivered and that the target XCOM receives them in the correct sequence.
Whenever TCP/IP detects any error (checksum error or lost packet), the stacks themselves handle packet re-transmission as needed without any intervention by the client application (in this case, XCOM).